Whats the difference between 1G, 2G, 3G wireless networking systems?

First, about cellular generations. First 1G service was based on a TDM voice infrastructure -- built around class x switches and 64 kbps slots. It had data, but circuit switched over a 64Kpbs voice bearer.

Second, 2G service had the same switched TDM backbone, but added a true Data Bearer and a digital voice bearer. Data rates were still limited to the max 64kbps of a single time slot.

2.5G added a packet bearer to the mix, still limited to 64kbps slots.

Third generation (3G) changed the backbone slightly to allow a full T1 or E1 or J1 to be consumed by a data sub-scriber, but is still based on an ISDN style backbone. Sure you have packet switched data, but its carried over a traditional TDM backbone. There still a circuit voice backbone and while the data rates are high enough for VoIP, the latency of the data service is to great to base all of the "bearer services" on it, so you still have circuit voice, circuit data and packet data bearers.

Finally, 4G systems will utilize a packet infrastructure rather than a traditional telephone architecture. Services will be horizontally layered on top of a proper low latency, QoS enabled packet switch (read IP) infrastructure. Gone will be the circuit voice and circuit data bearers.

So "G" has more to do with the infra-structure and less to do with the data rates. The data rates over the air are driven by the organization of the infrastructure and other than that have little to do with what generation they are.

In that sense, this NexTel trial is a 4G trial.
K A Solaman

Kerala School Kalosvam Manual-HSS-Grace marks!

PROCEEDINGS OF THE DIRECTOR, DIRECTORATE OF HIGHER
SECONDARY EDUCATION, HOUSING BOARD BUILDINGS, SANTHI
NAGAR, THIRUVANANTHAPURAM
Sub:- Higher Secondary Education – Higher Secondary Examination, March
2010 – Appendix 16 and Appendix 17 appended to Notification
partially modified – Orders issued – reg.
ORDER No. EX II (1) 53388/HSE/09 Dated: 20/01/2010
Read:- 1. Appendix 16 and Appendix 17 appended to Notification of Even
No. dated 27-10-2009.
2. Kerala School Kalosvam Manual, 2008
ORDER
In accordance with the norms stipulated in the Kerala School Kalolsavam
Manual, 2008 cited (2) the Appendix 16 (page 39) appended to Notification for the
Higher Secondary Examination, March 2010 is partially modified as detailed below.
(a) Grace marks are given to the winners in the State Level Higher
Secondary School Youth Festival as given below.
(1) A Grade - 30 Score
(2) B Grade - 24 Score
(3) C Grade - 18 Score
Grace marks will be awarded only after the Second Year Higher Secondary
Examination. It will be awarded only once even if a student gets eligible grade in State
Level Youth Festival twice, during the course of study.

►CSIR UGC NET New Exam Scheme for Single Paper From June 2011

CSIR-UGC (NET) EXAM FOR AWARD OF JUNIOR RESEARCH FELLOWSHIP AND ELIGIBILITY FOR LECTURERSHIP


EXAM SCHEME FOR SINGLE PAPER CSIR-UGC NET Exam
FROM June 2011

CSIR-UGC NET Exam for Science stream is conducted by CSIR in the following areas: -

1. Chemical Sciences
2. Earth Sciences
3. Life Sciences
4. Mathematical Sciences
5. Physical Sciences



It has been decided to introduce Single Paper MCQ MCQ (Multiple Choice Question) based test from June 2011 exam. The pattern for the Single Paper MCQ test shall be as given below:-

v The MCQ test paper of each subject shall carry a maximum of 200 marks.
v The exam shall be for duration of three hours.
v The question paper shall be divided in three parts

Ø Part 'A' shall be common to all subjects. This part shall be a test containing a maximum of 20 questions of General Science and Research Aptitude test. The candidates shall be required to answer any 15 questions of two marks each. The total marks allocated to this section shall be 30 out of 200

Ø Part 'B' shall contain subject-related conventional MCQs. The total marks allocated to this section shall be 70 out of 200. The maximum number of questions to be attempted shall be in the range of 25-35.

Ø Part 'C' shall contain higher value questions that may test the candidate's knowledge of scientific concepts and/or application of the scientific concepts. The questions shall be of analytical nature where a candidate is expected to apply the scientific knowledge to arrive at the solution to the given scientific problem. The total marks allocated to this section shall be 100 out of 200.

Ø A negative marking for wrong answers, wherever required, shall be @ 25%

* The new pattern shall be implemented from June, 2011 exam
* Model Question Papers in the new format shall be made available along with Notification for the June, 2011 exam.



PHYSICAL SCIENCES
EXAM SCHEME

TIME: 3 HOURS MAXIMUM MARKS: 200

From June, 2011 CSIR-UGC (NET) Exam for Award of Junior Research Fellowship and Eligibility for Lecturership shall be a Single Paper Test having Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs). The question paper shall be divided in three parts.

Part 'A'
This part shall carry 20 questions pertaining to General Science, Quantitative Reasoning & Analysis and Research Aptitude. The candidates shall be required to answer any 15 questions. Each question shall be of two marks. The total marks allocated to this section shall be 30 out of 200.

Part 'B'
This part shall contain 20 Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) generally covering the topics given in the Part ‘A’(CORE) of syllabus. All questions are compulsory. Each question shall be of 3.5 Marks. The total marks allocated to this section shall be 70 out of 200.

Part 'C'
This part shall contain 25 questions from Part ‘B’(Advanced) that are designed to test a candidate's knowledge of scientific concepts and/or application of the scientific concepts. The questions shall be of analytical nature where a candidate is expected to apply the scientific knowledge to arrive at the solution to the given scientific problem. There will be 10 compulsory questions. Out of remaining 15 questions, a candidate shall be required to answer any 10. Each question shall be of 5 Marks. The total marks allocated to this section shall be 100 out of 200.

• There will be negative marking @25% for each wrong answer.

• To enable the candidates to go through the questions, the question paper booklet shall be distributed 15 minutes before the scheduled time of the exam. The Answer sheet shall be distributed at the scheduled time of the exam.

• On completion of the exam i.e. at the scheduled closing time of the exam, the candidates shall be allowed to carry the Question Paper Booklet. No candidate is allowed to carry the Question Paper Booklet in case he/she chooses to leave the test before the scheduled closing time.

• Model Question Paper shall be released at the time of Notification for June 2011 exam

CSIR-UGC National Eligibility Test (NET) for Junior Research Fellowship and Lecturer-ship
PHYSICAL SCIENCES
PART ‘A’ CORE
I. Mathematical Methods of Physics
Dimensional analysis. Vector algebra and vector calculus. Linear algebra, matrices, Cayley-Hamilton Theorem. Eigenvalues and eigenvectors. Linear ordinary differential equations of first & second order, Special functions (Hermite, Bessel, Laguerre and Legendre functions). Fourier series, Fourier and Laplace transforms. Elements of complex analysis, analytic functions; Taylor & Laurent series; poles, residues and evaluation of integrals. Elementary probability theory, random variables, binomial, Poisson and normal distributions. Central limit theorem.
II. Classical Mechanics
Newton’s laws. Dynamical systems, Phase space dynamics, stability analysis. Central force motions. Two body Collisions - scattering in laboratory and Centre of mass frames. Rigid body dynamics- moment of inertia tensor. Non-inertial frames and pseudoforces. Variational principle. Generalized coordinates. Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formalism and equations of motion. Conservation laws and cyclic coordinates. Periodic motion: small oscillations, normal modes. Special theory of relativity- Lorentz transformations, relativistic kinematics and mass–energy equivalence.
III. Electromagnetic Theory
Electrostatics: Gauss’s law and its applications, Laplace and Poisson equations, boundary value problems. Magnetostatics: Biot-Savart law, Ampere's theorem. Electromagnetic induction. Maxwell's equations in free space and linear isotropic media; boundary conditions on the fields at interfaces. Scalar and vector potentials, gauge invariance. Electromagnetic waves in free space. Dielectrics and conductors. Reflection and refraction, polarization, Fresnel’s law, interference, coherence, and diffraction. Dynamics of charged particles in static and uniform electromagnetic fields.
IV. Quantum Mechanics
Wave-particle duality. Schrödinger equation (time-dependent and time-independent). Eigenvalue problems (particle in a box, harmonic oscillator, etc.). Tunneling through a barrier. Wave-function in coordinate and momentum representations. Commutators and Heisenberg uncertainty principle. Dirac notation for state vectors. Motion in a central potential: orbital angular momentum, angular momentum algebra, spin, addition of angular momenta; Hydrogen atom. Stern-Gerlach experiment. Time-independent perturbation theory and applications. Variational method. Time dependent perturbation theory and Fermi's golden rule, selection rules. Identical particles, Pauli exclusion principle, spin-statistics connection.
V. Thermodynamic and Statistical Physics
Laws of thermodynamics and their consequences. Thermodynamic potentials, Maxwell relations, chemical potential, phase equilibria. Phase space, micro- and macro-states. Micro-canonical, canonical
and grand-canonical ensembles and partition functions. Free energy and its connection with thermodynamic quantities. Classical and quantum statistics. Ideal Bose and Fermi gases. Principle of detailed balance. Blackbody radiation and Planck's distribution law.
VI. Electronics and Experimental Methods
Semiconductor devices (diodes, junctions, transistors, field effect devices, homo- and hetero-junction devices), device structure, device characteristics, frequency dependence and applications. Opto-electronic devices (solar cells, photo-detectors, LEDs). Operational amplifiers and their applications. Digital techniques and applications (registers, counters, comparators and similar circuits). A/D and D/A converters. Microprocessor and microcontroller basics.
Data interpretation and analysis. Precision and accuracy. Error analysis, propagation of errors. Least squares fitting,
PART ‘B’ ADVANCED
I. Mathematical Methods of Physics
Green’s function. Partial differential equations (Laplace, wave and heat equations in two and three dimensions). Elements of computational techniques: root of functions, interpolation, extrapolation, integration by trapezoid and Simpson’s rule, Solution of first order differential equation using Runge-Kutta method. Finite difference methods. Tensors. Introductory group theory: SU(2), O(3).
II. Classical Mechanics
Dynamical systems, Phase space dynamics, stability analysis. Poisson brackets and canonical transformations. Symmetry, invariance and Noether’s theorem. Hamilton-Jacobi theory.
III. Electromagnetic Theory
Dispersion relations in plasma. Lorentz invariance of Maxwell’s equation. Transmission lines and wave guides. Radiation- from moving charges and dipoles and retarded potentials.
IV. Quantum Mechanics
Spin-orbit coupling, fine structure. WKB approximation. Elementary theory of scattering: phase shifts, partial waves, Born approximation. Relativistic quantum mechanics: Klein-Gordon and Dirac equations. Semi-classical theory of radiation.
V. Thermodynamic and Statistical Physics
First- and second-order phase transitions. Diamagnetism, paramagnetism, and ferromagnetism. Ising model. Bose-Einstein condensation. Diffusion equation. Random walk and Brownian motion. Introduction to nonequilibrium processes.
VI. Electronics and Experimental Methods
Linear and nonlinear curve fitting, chi-square test. Transducers (temperature, pressure/vacuum, magnetic fields, vibration, optical, and particle detectors). Measurement and control. Signal conditioning and recovery. Impedance matching, amplification (Op-amp based, instrumentation amp, feedback), filtering
and noise reduction, shielding and grounding. Fourier transforms, lock-in detector, box-car integrator, modulation techniques.
High frequency devices (including generators and detectors).
VII. Atomic & Molecular Physics
Quantum states of an electron in an atom. Electron spin. Spectrum of helium and alkali atom. Relativistic corrections for energy levels of hydrogen atom, hyperfine structure and isotopic shift, width of spectrum lines, LS & JJ couplings. Zeeman, Paschen-Bach & Stark effects. Electron spin resonance. Nuclear magnetic resonance, chemical shift. Frank-Condon principle. Born-Oppenheimer approximation. Electronic, rotational, vibrational and Raman spectra of diatomic molecules, selection rules. Lasers: spontaneous and stimulated emission, Einstein A & B coefficients. Optical pumping, population inversion, rate equation. Modes of resonators and coherence length.
VIII. Condensed Matter Physics
Bravais lattices. Reciprocal lattice. Diffraction and the structure factor. Bonding of solids. Elastic properties, phonons, lattice specific heat. Free electron theory and electronic specific heat. Response and relaxation phenomena. Drude model of electrical and thermal conductivity. Hall effect and thermoelectric power. Electron motion in a periodic potential, band theory of solids: metals, insulators and semiconductors. Superconductivity: type-I and type-II superconductors. Josephson junctions. Superfluidity. Defects and dislocations. Ordered phases of matter: translational and orientational order, kinds of liquid crystalline order. Quasi crystals.
IX. Nuclear and Particle Physics
Basic nuclear properties: size, shape and charge distribution, spin and parity. Binding energy, semi-empirical mass formula, liquid drop model. Nature of the nuclear force, form of nucleon-nucleon potential, charge-independence and charge-symmetry of nuclear forces. Deuteron problem. Evidence of shell structure, single-particle shell model, its validity and limitations. Rotational spectra. Elementary ideas of alpha, beta and gamma decays and their selection rules. Fission and fusion. Nuclear reactions, reaction mechanism, compound nuclei and direct reactions.
Classification of fundamental forces. Elementary particles and their quantum numbers (charge, spin, parity, isospin, strangeness, etc.). Gellmann-Nishijima formula. Quark model, baryons and mesons. C, P, and T invariance. Application of symmetry arguments to particle reactions. Parity non-conservation in weak interaction. Relativistic kinematics.

Makaravilakku heals millions

Truth or myth-Makaravilakku and Sabarimala heal many. Let it carry on. Sabarimala pilgrimage is a saunter into the Nature.

Keep open Sabarimala shrine on all days.

The stampede at the Sabarimala shrine in which 104 pilgrims have died indicates that human life is a commodity for Rs 5-6lakh. The money that received by the family of ill-fated pilgrims says we do not value human life that much. Lack of proper schedule for the travel of people to Sabarimala is the root cause of the grave mishap.

To avoid the heavy rush at Makaravilaku season why can’t Devaswom Board make arrangement for keeping the Sabarimala temple opened all the days in a year instead limiting it to 41 days or less. Why the heap of camphor burned at Ponnambalamedu on Makaravilaku day alone? Can’t it be performed a dozen days in a year on other holy days so that pilgrims get more opportunity for a healing thought by viewing it? Again worshippers hating large crowd could also advantageously visit Sabarimala at their pace if the temple is kept opened on all days.

Sabarimala is small area and that is not meant for for huge crowd. It is located at a remote hilly place where easy accessibility is difficult. The government has not provided scientific traffic management despite the huge sum received from the pilgrims as donation and travel fare.

It is better to have an introspection for the people of Kerala than accusing one and the other.

K A Solaman

The sky is the limit

The success or failure of a space mission depends on many factors. The probability of successfully launching a satellite can't be predicted. That's the reason not too many people are criticising the recent failure of the GSLV satellite. The scientists must focus on rectifying technical snags. More than Chandrayaan, India needs more space projects that improve our communication network facility. Chandrayaan can only fetch data already available with Nasa or
similar agencies.
KA Solaman, via email
The Hindustan Times, Jan 2, 2011

Do we need more engineering seats?

May be a pleasant surprise for students but is quite unlikeable for the conventional arts and science colleges in the country, Human Resource Development Minister Kapil Sibal’s announcement of increase of 200,000 seats in engineering courses in India. Already some of the Engineering Colleges in TN and Karnataka are in the verge of collapse due to poor inflow of students and one wonders what prompted Sibal to sanction this much seats in Engineering sector. The huge infrastructure now available with Arts and Science Colleges are poorly utilised at present due to unattractiveness in pursuing conventional education and the present decision of the government would turn the issue worse.

The liberalised scheme now applied to Engineering colleges would not bring results as the minister expect. More focus on technical education would result in lack of interest in pure science study.

K A Solaman

Wishing all a happy 2011

Merry X-mas and Happy new year!

May all of your world be filled with warmth and good chear this Holy season,
and throughout the year.
Wish your Christmas be filled with peace and love.
Merry X-mas friends.

K A Solaman

Blog aministrator at a meeting at Hotel Arcadia, Alappuzha on 20-12-10

Abandon NCERT Physics text books for Plus 2

I am a retired Physics Professor (?) of an affiliated college under University of Kerala and lecturer for many years in graduate classes and erstwhile pre-degree course and still keep some interest in the subject physics. I had already shaped half a dozen First Ranks in B Sc Physics (main) of University of Kerala and hence I believe that I have a few credentials to speak about Physics. My present apprehension is about the prescription of NCERT text books for plus two classes in State Higher Secondary and CBSE schools. The present form of NCERT text books in Physcis would certainly bring hatred among students towards the much lively subject-the physics. Presumably the writers of the present text have no class room experience otherwise they have not presented the subject matter in form of ‘water flood’. What the students get from these text books is little and that is why most teachers use credible text books instead of referring the NCERT text book waste. The teachers ask students to buy NCERT books and never refer to these books while teaching. The teachers have little time to squander by reading all the rubbish in the NCERT books. I sincerely believe those writers of the text book never had been so if they had been asked to follow these text books in their school classes. Though the NCERT claim that their text books are written in conformity international standards, the presentation in foreign books are not so dreary.

The NCERT text book committee may also claim that their books would generate independent thinking among students. This sort of argument is applicable to elite classes. How can a low profile student from a poor family, unable to spell his name correctly in English even in Plus 2, without knowing the basics of Physics, think independently about new rules and ideas in Physics? The government should, therefore, reduce its control on what text book to be followed in schools and teachers and students should be given freedom in following text books.

My suggestion to the Union Human Resource Development Ministry is, ask NCERT to prescribe syllabus and not to write text books or rather compel students community to follow their text books. They can of course supply sample question paper packets and answers to students to augment their studies. The NCERT could, of course, recommend any other suitable text books to school children and if the contents are found to be prejudicial to the integrity of India or the security of the state, the books can be withdrawn. Though the present NCERT text book in Physics does not defame any community, it invites hatred to the subject Physics. Let the students learn Physics pleasantly and lively.

K A Solaman

All teachers’ appointments should be done by the P S C.

Good news to hear that PSC would now carry out the appointments of staff in Universities in Kerala. The decision by the Cabinet is presumably in the backdrop of discrepancies relating to the appointment of the assistants at the university level. Why, then wait for appointment of teachers in University Departments by the P S C. Is it now alright with the appointments in University departments? Are the P S C members appointed on political basis are not competent enough to recruit to the teachers to the Departments.
All appointments including teachers of private colleges where salary is paid from State Exchequer should be transferred to the P S C. The private college managements should not be permitted to sale these posts for a price.

K A Solaman

NET-Electronics qs-Descriptive and problem type

1 What are diode approximations?
A current of 2mA passes through a silicon diode of bulk resistance 25Ω. Find the voltage across the diode
2 Explain a Zener diode voltage regulator.
A 9V regulator power supply is required to run a car stereo system with a 12V battery. A zener diode with Vz= 9V and Pmax =0.25V is used as voltage regulator. Find the value of the series resistor
3 Currents I1 and I2 flow when large voltages V1 and V2 are applied to a semi-conductor diode. If V1 =2 V2 show that the value of the reverse saturation current is I0 = I22 /I1 .
4 Explain transistor as switch. With a diagram explain the voltage divider method of biasing and find the Q-point
5 A silicon transistor with β=55 is used in a voltage divider circuit. If Vcc=22.5V and VBE=0.6V, Rc =5.6K, RE=1K R1=90K, R2=10K find the Q=point and the stability factor.
6 Explain the UJT operation. What is intrinsic stand-off ratio? A UJT has a inter base resistance of 10K. It has RB =6K with IE=0. Find the UJT current if VBB=20V and VE is less that VP. Also find η, VA2 and VP2
7 The saturation drain current of JFET is 8.6mA when the gate voltage is zero. If the pinch-off voltage is -3V, calculate the drain current when the gate voltage is -1V.
8 With a suitable diagram explain the working of Hartley oscillator. Derive an expression for its frequency.
9 A certain radio receiver delivers and output of 3.6W. Find the power output required to produce a power gain of 10dB.
10 An inverting amplifier has Rf=2M and R1=2k. Find its scale factor.
11 What are combination logic gates. \give their logical equations and truth tables
12 How will you implement OR, AND, NOT, NAND using NORs.
13 How will you convert binary code into Gray code? Illustrate with example
14 Design a logic circuit to implement the operation specified in the truth table below
I------n--p-u --t o/p
A B C Y
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 1 0 0
0 1 1 1
1 0 0 0
1 0 1 1
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 0

Any takers? CSIR-JRF/NET-Physical Science Qs

Atomic and Molecular Physics test-10

Answer all questions Time 30 min
Max 20 marks

1 The maximum frequency of υ of continuous X-ray is related to the applied potential difference V as
a) υ α V1/2 b) υ α V c) υ α V3/2 d) υ α V2
2 Generation of X-ray is a
a) phenomenon of conversion of mass into energy
b) principle of conservation of momentum
c) phenomenon of conversion of kinetic energy into radiant energy
d) none of the above

3 X-rays can be used
a) to cure blood cancer
b) to detect defects in precious stones and diamonds
c) to detect gold under the earth
d) for cutting and welding metals
4 In the production of X-rays by Coolidge tube, intensity and quality of X-rays
a) can be controlled independently
b) cannot be controlled independently
c) are one and the same
d) none of the above
5 The intensity of X-rays mainly depends upon
a)nature of the target material b) nature of the gas in the tube
c) current in the tube d) accelerating voltage applied

6 The maximum frequency of limit of continuous X-rays depend on
a) KE of incident electron b) nature of the target
c) degree of vacuum in the tube
d) the shortest wavelength in the characteristic X-ray spectrum of target material
7 When fast moving electrons strike a metal of high atomic number, the percentage of energy converted with X-rays is
a) about 10% b) about 20% c) less than 10% d) less than 40%

8 In an X-ray tube
a) applied potential is 1000V b) applied potential is 106 V
c) cathode and anode emit electrons d) X-rays move from cathode to anticathode
9 The intensity of X-rays depends on
a) KE of electrons b) number of electrons striking
c) total momentum of electrons d) none of the above
10 X-ray absorption will be a maximum for sheets of
a) Ag b) Pb c) Cu d) Fe

CSIR-JRF/NET-Physical Science

Atomic and Molecular Physics test-7

Answer all questions Time 30 min
Max 20 marks

1 Energy levels A , B, C of a certain atom correspond to increasing values of energy, that is, EA a) λ3 =λ1 + λ2 b) λ3 =λ1. λ2/( λ1 + λ2 )
c) λ1 +λ2 + λ3 =0 d) λ3 =(λ1 + λ2)/2
2 For H-atom, in the lowest energy level, the angular momentum of the electron is
a) h/2π b) h/π c)2 h/π d) 2π/h

3 The angular momentum of the electron in the nth orbit is given by
a) nh b) h/2π n c) nh/2π d) 2π/nh
4 The energy required to remove an electron in a H-atom from n=10 state is
a) 13.6eV b) 1.36eV c) 0.136eV d) 0.0136eV

5 If EN and JN denote the total energy magnitude and angular momentum of an electron in the nth orbit of a Bohr atom, then
a) EN α JN b) EN α 1/JN c) EN α JN2 d) EN α JN2

6 Ionisation potential of hydrogen is 13.6eV. H-atom in the ground state are excited by monochromatic radiation of energy 12.1eV. The spectral lines emitted by hydrogen atom according to Bohr’s theory will be
a) one b) two c) three d) four

7 The ground state energy of H-atom is 13.6eV. The energy needed to ionise H-atom in its second excited state is
a) 1.51eV b) 0 c) -13.6eV d) 6.8eV

8 The total energy of the electron in the H-atom in the ground state is -13.6eV. The KE of this electron is
a) 13.6 b) 0 c) -13.6eV d) 3.4eV

9 The energy levels of a certain atom for first, second and third levels are E, 4E/3 and 2E respectively. A photon of wavelength λ is emitted for a transition 3 to 1. What will be the wavelength of emission for transition 2 to 1
a) λ/ 3 b) 4λ/ 3 c) 3λ/ 4 d) 3λ
10 The series limit of Balmer series is 640nm. The series limit of Paschen series will be
a) 1868nm b) 6400nm c) 240nm d) 1440nm

All Nobel Prizes in Physics

The Nobel Prize in Physics has been awarded 104 times to 189 Nobel Laureates between 1901 and 2010. John Bardeen is the only Nobel Laureate who has been awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics twice, in 1956 and 1972. This means that a total of 188 individuals have received the Nobel Prize in Physics.

2010
Andre Geim, Konstantin Novoselov
2009
Charles Kuen Kao, Willard S. Boyle, George E. Smith
2008
Yoichiro Nambu, Makoto Kobayashi, Toshihide Maskawa
2007
Albert Fert, Peter Grünberg
2006
John C. Mather, George F. Smoot
2005
Roy J. Glauber, John L. Hall, Theodor W. Hänsch
2004
David J. Gross, H. David Politzer, Frank Wilczek
2003
Alexei A. Abrikosov, Vitaly L. Ginzburg, Anthony J. Leggett
2002
Raymond Davis Jr., Masatoshi Koshiba, Riccardo Giacconi
2001
Eric A. Cornell, Wolfgang Ketterle, Carl E. Wieman
2000
Zhores I. Alferov, Herbert Kroemer, Jack S. Kilby
1999
Gerardus 't Hooft, Martinus J.G. Veltman
1998
Robert B. Laughlin, Horst L. Störmer, Daniel C. Tsui
1997
Steven Chu, Claude Cohen-Tannoudji, William D. Phillips
1996
David M. Lee, Douglas D. Osheroff, Robert C. Richardson
1995
Martin L. Perl, Frederick Reines
1994
Bertram N. Brockhouse, Clifford G. Shull
1993
Russell A. Hulse, Joseph H. Taylor Jr.
1992
Georges Charpak
1991
Pierre-Gilles de Gennes
1990
Jerome I. Friedman, Henry W. Kendall, Richard E. Taylor
1989
Norman F. Ramsey, Hans G. Dehmelt, Wolfgang Paul
1988
Leon M. Lederman, Melvin Schwartz, Jack Steinberger
1987
J. Georg Bednorz, K. Alexander Müller
1986
Ernst Ruska, Gerd Binnig, Heinrich Rohrer
1985
Klaus von Klitzing
1984
Carlo Rubbia, Simon van der Meer
1983
Subramanyan Chandrasekhar, William Alfred Fowler
1982
Kenneth G. Wilson
1981
Nicolaas Bloembergen, Arthur Leonard Schawlow, Kai M. Siegbahn
1980
James Watson Cronin, Val Logsdon Fitch
1979
Sheldon Lee Glashow, Abdus Salam, Steven Weinberg
1978
Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa, Arno Allan Penzias, Robert Woodrow Wilson
1977
Philip Warren Anderson, Sir Nevill Francis Mott, John Hasbrouck van Vleck
1976
Burton Richter, Samuel Chao Chung Ting
1975
Aage Niels Bohr, Ben Roy Mottelson, Leo James Rainwater
1974
Sir Martin Ryle, Antony Hewish
1973
Leo Esaki, Ivar Giaever, Brian David Josephson
1972
John Bardeen, Leon Neil Cooper, John Robert Schrieffer
1971
Dennis Gabor
1970
Hannes Olof Gösta Alfvén, Louis Eugène Félix Néel
1969
Murray Gell-Mann
1968
Luis Walter Alvarez
1967
Hans Albrecht Bethe
1966
Alfred Kastler
1965
Sin-Itiro Tomonaga, Julian Schwinger, Richard P. Feynman
1964
Charles Hard Townes, Nicolay Gennadiyevich Basov, Aleksandr Mikhailovich Prokhorov
1963
Eugene Paul Wigner, Maria Goeppert-Mayer, J. Hans D. Jensen
1962
Lev Davidovich Landau
1961
Robert Hofstadter, Rudolf Ludwig Mössbauer
1960
Donald Arthur Glaser
1959
Emilio Gino Segrè, Owen Chamberlain
1958
Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov, Il´ja Mikhailovich Frank, Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm
1957
Chen Ning Yang, Tsung-Dao (T.D.) Lee
1956
William Bradford Shockley, John Bardeen, Walter Houser Brattain
1955
Willis Eugene Lamb, Polykarp Kusch
1954
Max Born, Walther Bothe
1953
Frits (Frederik) Zernike
1952
Felix Bloch, Edward Mills Purcell
1951
Sir John Douglas Cockcroft, Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton
1950
Cecil Frank Powell
1949
Hideki Yukawa
1948
Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett
1947
Sir Edward Victor Appleton
1946
Percy Williams Bridgman
1945
Wolfgang Pauli
1944
Isidor Isaac Rabi
1943
Otto Stern
1942
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1941
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1940
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1939
Ernest Orlando Lawrence
1938
Enrico Fermi
1937
Clinton Joseph Davisson, George Paget Thomson
1936
Victor Franz Hess, Carl David Anderson
1935
James Chadwick
1934
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1933
Erwin Schrödinger, Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac
1932
Werner Karl Heisenberg
1931
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1930
Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman
1929
Prince Louis-Victor Pierre Raymond de Broglie
1928
Owen Willans Richardson
1927
Arthur Holly Compton, Charles Thomson Rees Wilson
1926
Jean Baptiste Perrin
1925
James Franck, Gustav Ludwig Hertz
1924
Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn
1923
Robert Andrews Millikan
1922
Niels Henrik David Bohr
1921
Albert Einstein
1920
Charles Edouard Guillaume
1919
Johannes Stark
1918
Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck
1917
Charles Glover Barkla
1916
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1915
Sir William Henry Bragg, William Lawrence Bragg
1914
Max von Laue
1913
Heike Kamerlingh Onnes
1912
Nils Gustaf Dalén
1911
Wilhelm Wien
1910
Johannes Diderik van der Waals
1909
Guglielmo Marconi, Karl Ferdinand Braun
1908
Gabriel Lippmann
1907
Albert Abraham Michelson
1906
Joseph John Thomson
1905
Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard
1904
Lord Rayleigh (John William Strutt)
1903
Antoine Henri Becquerel, Pierre Curie, Marie Curie, née Sklodowska
1902
Hendrik Antoon Lorentz, Pieter Zeeman
1901
Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen

Verdict against caste politics.

How miserably the politicians read the public mind, is evident from outbursts of Lalu Prasad Yadav and Ram Vilas Paswan a day before the election results in Bihar.
They claimed a big leap for them in the Bihar Election but unfortunately it was a big blow. NDA leader and CM Nitish Kumar has driven to a remarkable electoral feat by securing 84 percent of the seats in the Bihar Assembly. Lalu, Paswan et al can go to hibernation for next five years and the National Congress leaders have nothing to cheer. Who said the Bihar people are illiterate and are guided by malicious propaganda?

Those who fought the election on the basis of caste in Bihar had been defeated and it is a direct warning to those who resort to caste politics in rest of the country.

K A Solaman

Quick bucks for private colleges!

Many of the affiliated colleges in Kerala are in killing spree in disguise for the appointment of teachers to their various faculties. One of the major handicaps the managements face with, is the lack of NET/JRF qualified candidates with liquid cash in tune with 20 or 30 lakhs. Then, came news from some flip-side doors of the UGC stating that candidates with M Phil can also apply for the posts. On hearing this there was a heavy rush for purchase of application forms from the office-counters of private colleges and it attracted some quick bucks to the managements. The managements were also happy of getting an immediate fortune without much hardships. If demand is high the auction amount is also high.

But unfortunately, soon arrived a clarification from the UGC that candidates should be NET qualified for appointment, sending the management to an immoderate despair. However, the Mundassery II of Kerala is contemplating to dilute the UGC stipulations in collusion with all gluttonous managements.

Will the Managements pay back the application money in tune with Rs 500 or 750 they collected from candidates for one-day clearance sale of application forms? Will the Government check up the rank lists of candidates waiting for appointment in these colleges? Is there any management in Kerala, still waiting to appoint from their lists because of non-compliance of candidates with adequate fund? Will the Government ask private college managements to publish the rank lists on their website, as PSC do, on the very next day after the interview? There should be some corroboration in the acts of private college managements in Kerala because salary to the privileged ones appointed in these colleges, are paid from State exchequer.

K A Solaman

Good news from Myanmar

Report from Myanmar is a matter of relief for the rest of the world. Aung San Suu Kyi has been released by the military rulers of Myanmar. Presumably she could lead her party for the imminent Myanmar general election if the military rulers do not impose further restrictions. Most probably Myanmar’s calming posture by releasing Aung San Suu Kyi was the outcome of U S President Barack Obama stance on the issue. Obama has personally supported for the release of Aung San Suu Kyi during his recent visit to India.

It is good for Myanmar if the rulers of that country so decide to demonstrate faith in Democracy and thereby to avoid further diplomatic isolation from all world countries.

K A Solaman

‘Poet from the gutters’ does not need ceremonial firing.

The ‘poet of the orphans’ has to wait one more day in cold storage for his last rites. Election to local bodies and the inconvenience of the cultural minister, are the reasons for the delay! Undoubtedly it is an insult to a dead man’s corpus. It is quite distressing to see that poet Ayyappan has to tranquilly wait to get opened his way to ‘ Santhikavadam’ and there from to eternal joy.

Hereinafter, celebrities who wish to die, die only after consultation with the cultural stalwarts of Kerala. Who said the ‘poet from the gutters’ need ceremonial firing from shot less guns?

K A Solaman